Bruker apex 3 single crystal video window

Bruker apex 3 single crystal video window movie#

1a,b and Supplementary Movies 2вЂ“5): expansion (effect 1) and expansion followed by hopping (effect 2), whereby crystals hop off the surface to flip several times before landing. The kinematic analysis showed that the crystal motility occurs as two kinematic effects ( Fig. To understand the kinematic details of this mechanical effect, the trajectories of 95 heated crystals of form О± were analysed from high-speed digital recordings (resolution: 10 3вЂ‰s вЂ“1) and batched according to their kinematic effect and metrics (to account for the different number of crystals in each group, the number of crystals that underwent certain effect was normalized against the total number of crystals in the batch).

Bruker apex 3 single crystal video window movie#

While heating up to the decomposition temperature did not have any effect on the crystals of form ОІ, when heated over 343вЂ‰K crystals of form О± responded with forceful jumps ( Supplementary Movie 1). The thermal behaviour of the two polymorphs was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot-stage microscopy. 1) and identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as the yellow (О±) and red (ОІ) forms described by Etter and Siedle 17. We also establish a direct link between the anomalous thermal expansion and the mechanical response, both phenomena being rooted in the susceptibility of this structure to internal strain.Д¬rystals of the two polymorphs of PHA, prepared according to a previously published procedure 20, were obtained by recrystallization or sublimation ( Supplementary Fig. With one of the polymorphs, which also undergoes uniaxial NTE, we measure some of the largest thermal expansion coefficients ever reported. At least two forms undergo exceptionally large PTE. We report three new polymorphs: form Оі, which is a product of the transition that drives the TS effect, as well as two low-temperature (LT) forms (Оґ and Оµ). The results presented herein unravel the extraordinary complex crystal chemistry of PHA, which also sets the record for the largest number of polymorphs of an organometallic material. The crystal structure of the вЂexpanded yellow formвЂ™, and thus the mechanism of the actuation, has not been resolved before this study. Additional motivation for this study was a video recording of EtterвЂ™s 17 last lecture from 1992 (retrieved by a kind courtesy of Joel Bernstein from his private collection), where she mentions that conversion between the yellow phase О± and the red phase ОІ underlying the crystal hopping proceeds through an intermediate вЂexpanded yellow formвЂ™. To decipher the interplay between the thermodynamic and kinetic profile of the TS effect, we investigated the mechanistic aspects of the motility of PHA crystals as a prototypic TS structure where (in contrast with other TS solids) during the leaping the macroscopic integrity of the crystals is preserved. Although this material could provide direct insight into the response of ordered matter to extreme internal pressures, the relationships between the structural, mechanistic and kinematic aspects of the TS effect remain poorly understood. Two polymorphs, yellow form (О±) and red form (ОІ), were characterized 17. This observation of crystal motility was to become the first documented report of the thermosalient (TS) effect (HГјpf-Effekt)-the propensity of certain crystals to hop and leap when heated over a phase transition 9, 10, 18, 19. In a short article from 1983, Etter and Siedle 17 briefly noted that when yellow crystals of (phenylazophenyl)palladium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (PHA) are heated on one side вЂ literally fly off the hot stageвЂ™. Anomalous cell expansion in some of these materials, such as unusually large positive thermal expansion (PTE) and negative thermal expansion (NTE), adds a special interest in their structural science 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Performance optimization of such technomimetic and biomimetic single crystals necessitates understanding of the underlying atomic-scale processes. The fast energy transfer secured by efficient coupling between the thermal/light energy and mechanical energy stands as their main asset towards the design of fast actuators. Dynamic single crystals capable of bending, twisting, curling, rolling or locomotion 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are prospective candidates for the design of dynamic elements, including artificial tissues and components in microfluidic devices. The capability of rapid energy transfer through the dense and ordered packing of molecular single crystals evolves as a new platform for efficient actuation. Biogenic mechanical processes in living organisms present important mechanistic and kinematic models for the design of biomimetic actuators 1, 2, 3.